The Pages of The Gray Wizard

Contents

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ámman îar reference grammar
(ámman îar îarbampárma)

Table of Contents

Preliminary Concepts

1.1 Predicates and Arguments

1.1.1 Semantic Roles

1.1.2 Syntactic Relations

1.1.3 Grammatical Relations

1.1.4 Mapping Semantic Roles to Syntactic Relations

1.1.5 Predicate Inflections

1.2 Ergativity

1.2.1 Morphological Ergativity

1.2.1.1 Discriminatory Function of Case

1.2.1.2 Animacy

1.2.2 Syntactic Ergativity

2.1 Orthography

2.1.1 eglar forms

2.1.2 taith forms

2.1.3 Example Text

2.2 Phonetics

2.3 Phonotactics

2.3.1 Roots

2.3.2 Syllable Structure and Stress

2.4 Morphophonetics

2.4.1 Palatization

2.4.2 Labialization

2.4.3 Nasal Assimilation

2.4.4 Nasal Mutation

2.4.5 Lenition

2.4.6 Assimilation

2.4.7 Consonant Cluster Shifts

2.4.8 Vowel Deletion

Inflectional Morphology

3.0 Nominal Morphology

3.1 Number

3.1.2 Singular

3.1.3 Plural

3.1.3 Class Plural

3.2 Noun Cases

3.2.1 Core Cases

3.2.1.1 Ergative

3.2.1.2 Absolutive

3.2.2 Oblique Cases

3.2.2.1 Dative

3.2.2.2 Instrumental

3.2.2.3 Genitive

3.2.2.4 Abessive

3.2.3 Locative Cases

3.2.3.1 Illative

3.2.3.2 Allative

3.2.3.3 Inessive

3.2.3.4 Adessive

3.2.3.5 Elative

3.2.3.6 Ablative

3.2.3.7 Comitative

4.0 Determiners

4.1 Definite Determiners

4.1.1 Identifiable Definite

4.1.2 Definite Superset

4.1.3 Relevant Definite

4.1.4 Indefinite

4.2 Associative Determiners

4.2.1 Identifiable Definite

4.2.2 Definite Superset

4.2.3 Relevant Definite

4.2.4 Indefinite

4.3 Demonstrative Determiners

4.3.1 Spatial Deitics

4.3.1.1 Spatial Indefinite

4.3.1.2 Spatial Distal

4.3.1.3 Spatial Proximal

4.3.2 Temporal Deictics

4.3.2.1 Temporal Indefinite

4.3.2.2 Temporal Distal

4.3.2.3 Temporal Proximal

4.3.3 Anaphoric Demonstratives

4.4 Genitive Determiners

4.5 Interrogative Determiners

4.5.1 Constrained Interrogative

4.5.2 Unconstrained Interrogative

4.5.3 Genitive Interrogative

4.6 Quantifying Determiners

6.1 Personal Pronouns

6.2 Demonstrative Pronouns

6.2.1 Spatial Deictic

6.2.1.1 Spatial Indefinite

6.2.1.2 Spatial Distal

6.2.1.3 Spatial Proximal

6.2.2 Temporal Deictics

6.2.2.1 Temporal Indefinite

6.2.2.2 Temporal Distal

6.2.2.3 Temporal Proximal

6.3 Impersonal Pronoun

6.4 Pronoun Core Cases

6.4.1 Speech-Act Participants

6.4.1.1 Nominative

6.4.1.2 Accusative

6.4.2 Non-Speech-Act Participants

6.4.2.1 Ergative

6.4.2.2 Accusative

6.4.2.3 Nominative/Absolutive

6.5 Pronoun Oblique Cases

6.6 Pronoun Locative Cases

7.0 Predicate Morphology

7.1 Verb Chain

7.1.1 Lexical Verb

7.1.2 Auxiliary Verb

7.1.3 Predicate Inflections

7.2 Verb Stem

7.3 Predicate Inflections

7.3.1 Core Valency

7.3.1.1 Patient Valency

7.3.1.2 Agent Valency

7.3.1.3 Agent/Patient Valency

7.3.2 Theme Valency

7.3.2.1 Patient/Theme Valency

7.3.2.2 Agent/Theme Valency

7.3.3 Ditransitive Predicates

8.0 Lexical Verb Inflections

8.1 Verb Class

8.1.1 State

8.1.2 Process

8.1.3 Action

8.1.4 Action/Process

8.2 Voice

8.2.1 Active Voice

8.2.2 Passive Voice

8.2.3 Antipassive Voice

8.2.4 Ambient Voice

8.2.5 Applicative Voice

8.2.6 Causative Voice

8.2.7 Reflexive Voice

8.2.8 Reciprocal Voice

9.0 Auxiliary Verb Inflections

9.1 Tense

9.1.1 Present Tense

9.1.2 Past Tense

9.1.3 Future Tense

9.2 Aspect

9.2.1 Definite Aspect

9.2.2 Perfective Aspect

9.2.3 Progressive Aspect

9.2.4 Habitual Aspect

9.3 Tense/Aspect

9.3.1 Present Tense Aspects

9.3.1.1 Present Definite

9.3.1.2 Present Perfect

9.3.1.3 Present Progressive

9.3.1.4 Present Habitual

9.3.2 Past Tense Aspects

9.3.2.1 Past Definite

9.3.2.2 Past Perfect

9.3.2.3 Past Progressive

9.3.2.4 Past Habitual

9.3.3 Future Tense Aspects

9.3.3.1 Future Definite

9.3.3.2 Future Perfect

9.3.3.3 Future Progressive

9.3.3.4 Future Habitual

9.4 Semantic Aspectuals

9.4.1 Relative

9.4.2 Transitory/Generic

9.5 Mood

9.5.1 Epistemic Modality

9.5.1.1 Epistemic Judgments

9.5.1.1.1 Assertion

9.5.1.1.2 Speculative/Possibility

9.5.1.1.3 Deductive/Necessity

9.5.1.2 Epistemic Evidentials

9.5.1.2.1 Quotative/Hearsay

9.5.1.2.2 Sensory

9.5.2 Deontic Modality

9.5.2.1 Deontic Directives

9.5.2.1.1 Imperative

9.5.2.1.2 Permissive/Possibility

9.5.2.1.3 Obligative/Necessity

9.5.2.1.4 Commissive

9.5.2.2 Deontic Volitives

9.5.2.2.1 Optative

9.5.2.2.2 Hortative

9.6 Polarity

10.0 Adjective Morphology

10.1 Adjective Classes

10.1.1 Descriptives

10.1.2 Purposives

10.1.3 Scalars

10.1.4 Cardinals

10.1.5 Inceptives

10.1.6 Substantials

10.1.7 Formatives

10.2 Adjective Distribution

10.2.1 Attributive Adjectives

10.2.2 Predicate Adjectives

10.2.2.1 Tense/Aspect

10.2.2.2 Semantic Aspectuals

10.2.2.3 Mood

10.2.2.4 Polarity

10.4 Adjective Phrases

10.5 Adjective Degree

10.5.1 Positive

10.5.2 Equative

10.5.3 Comparative

10.5.4 Superlative

10.5 Non-numeric Quantifiers

10.6 Numeric Quantifiers

11.0 Adverb Morphology

11.1 Adverb Classes

11.1.1 Manner

11.1.2 Place

11.1.3 Time

11.1.4 Frequency

11.1.5 Degree

11.2 Adverbial Degree

11.2.1 Positive

11.2.2 Equative

11.2.3 Comparative

11.2.4 Superlative

11.3 Sentential Adverbs

11.4 Disjuncts

11.5 Degree Modifiers

12.0 Postpositions

12.1 Postpositional Classes

12.1.1 Directionals

12.1.2 Spatials

12.1.3 Temporals

12.1.4 Associatives

12.1.5 Instrumentals

13.0 Constituent Order

13.1 Unmarked Word Order

13.1.1 Intransitive Word Order

13.1.2 Transitive Word Order

13.2 Intraphrasal Word Order

13.2.1 Noun Phrase Order

13.2.2 Verb Phrase Order

13.3 Pragmatic Considerations

13.4 Subordinate Clause Word Order

14.0 Noun Phrases

14.1 Intransitive Constructions

14.2 Transitive Constructions

14.3 Ditransitive Constructions

14.4 Predicate Nominals

14.4.1 Inclusives

14.4.2 Equatives

14.5 Predications of Place

14.6 Genitive Constructions

14.6.1 Possessives

14.6.2 Inalienable Possessives

14.6.3 Subject Genitives

14.6.4 Object Genitives

14.6.5 Partitive Genitives

14.6.6 Measure Genitives

15.0 Subordinate Clauses

15.1 Subordinate Clause Constructions

15.1.1 Complements

15.1.1.1 Subject Complements

15.1.1.2 Object Complements

15.2 Relative Clauses

15.2.1 Relative Paticiples

15.2.2 Relative Clause Formation

15.2.3 Ergative Pivot Constraints

16.0 Miscellaneous Constructs

16.1 Non-verbal Predicates

16.1.1 Attributive Clauses

16.1.2 Locative Clauses

16.1.3 Possessive Clauses

16.1.4 Existential Clauses

Appendices

A. Translations

B. Lexicon

C. ámman îar / English Dictionary